Chennakhotapalli, a village on the Bangalore-Hyderabad highway, could be a show case for climate mitigation action. Over a thousand farmers in the area are running projects—like organic agriculture and cooking without coal or wood—under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that reduce carbon emissions. But most of them are under no illusion that their efforts will actually stem climate change.
The CDM, a part of the Kyoto Protocol, encourages emission-reduction projects in developing countries, which earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits. Each credit is equivalent to one tonne of CO2, and can be sold and traded—mostly to be used by developed countries to meet their emission reduction targets.[1]
So why do communities around Chennakhotapalli participate in the programme and yet have few expectations of change at the macro level? Because they know that without a major paradigm shift in technology and business models, climate change cannot be stemmed, no matter how many villages and towns join the CDM.
While micro endeavours like the ones around Chennakhotapalli are celebrated at international gatherings like the recent Conference of Parties on climate change at Lima, their demand for a profound shift away from “business as usual” remains on the fringes. Thus, government-level negotiations are reduced to haggling over who has a greater “right” to add carbon to the earth’s atmosphere. [2]
At the same time, given that the outcome of the Lima summit has been lower than the lowest expectations, there is an increasingly urgent need to highlight efforts by civil society and businesses to create the building blocks of what can eventually become a paradigm shift.
Hence farmers in a seemingly unremarkable village in South India are working to move to a different paradigm—one that replenishes rather than depletes the environment—and believe that it is possible.
Over the last quarter century many of them have been closely involved with Timbaktu Collective, a local non-governmental organisation that has revived hundreds of acres of barren land—filling it with trees, shrubs, pastures, and water bodies—using mostly organic methods that have a low eco-footprint. [3]
India is home to hundreds of such innovative endeavours, many of which are inspired by Gandhi’s critical insight that an economic system that treats greed as a positive value is not sustainable.
This is what British economist Nicholas Stern confirmed when, in a 2006 report for the British Treasury, he famously described climate change as the greatest market failure in history, because everyone pursuing their self-interest has led to a collectively self-destructive outcome.[4]
Many who share this assessment have creative responses to offer. For example, British billionaire Richard Branson supports a Carbon War Room, a potential hub for technologists, financiers, and innovators. This initiative aims to accelerate the adoption of business solutions that reduce carbon emission at a gigaton scale. According to the Carbon War Room’s website, almost all the technologies required to make a dramatic shift towards a low carbon economy already exist but are not being used on the scale required because government policy and financial systems are lagging behind. [5]
The Rocky Mountain Institute in the U.S., led by Amory Lovins, co-author of the book Natural Capitalism, published in 1999, has been working closely with businesses to deploy technologies that will inaugurate a new industrial revolution. On 17 December, the Carbon War Room and the Rocky Mountain Institute announced an ambitious collaboration to advance market-based solutions to drive global energy use away from fossil fuels. [6]
However, these positive trends are up against daunting odds. The Green Climate Fund of the UNFCC needs to raise $100 billion annually for climate action, but at present governments have made a total commitment of only about $9.7 billion.
Contrast this with the estimate of the International Energy Agency which states that there is still an annual global subsidy of $544 billion for fossil fuel consumption. [7] To top this, the International Monetary Fund, which also takes into account the negative effects of burning fossils, estimates that the subsidies actually amounted to about $1.9 trillion in 2011. [8]
The G20 governments are not only lagging behind in commitments they have made to phase out fossil fuel subsidies, they are annually spending about $88 billion to subsidise the quest for still more fossil fuels. [9]
It is in this context that the farmers around Chennakhotapalli don’t see CDM as a solution. If human life is to be sustained right into the 21st century, the solution is not merely technology or finance but a shift in the value system. The folks at Timbaktu have etched their creed on a stone that marks the entry to their land: “Live simply so that others may simply live.”
Rajni Bakshi is Gandhi Peace Fellow, Gateway House
This article was exclusively written for Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. You can read more exclusive content here.
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References
[1] Clean Development Mechanism, Mission statement, 17 December 2014 <http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mechanism/items/2718.php>
[2] Bakshi, Rajni, ‘The Lima Agreement’, Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations, 17, December, 2014, <https://www.gatewayhouse.in/the-disappointing-lima-agreement/>
[3] Timbaktu Collective Vision-Mission Statement, 15 December, 2014, <http://www.timbaktu.org/about-us/vision-mission-philosophy/>
[4] Stern Review on Climate Change, 18 December, 2014, <http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130129110402/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm>
[5] Carbon War Room Mission statement, <http://www.carbonwarroom.com/what-we-do/mission-and-vision>
[6] Richard Branson and Amory Lovins Create Mega-Think Tank for Clean Energy by Stephen Lacey, December 17, 2014, < http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/richard-branson-and-amory-lovins-create-mega-think-tank-for-clean-energy>
[7] Energy Subsidy Reform, Executive Summary, <http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/012813.pdf>
[8] Bast, Elizabeth, Shakuntala Makhijani, Sam Pickard and Shelagh Whitley, November 2014, <http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9235.pdf >